Exhibition Report: The New Secret Rivers Exhibition at the Museum of London Docklands

The latest free exhibition at the Museum of London Docklands is Secret Rivers. Open from 24 May to 27 October 2019, it combines art and archaeology with mudlarking, photography, film and much more to uncover the mysteries of London’s rivers – both those that flow above ground and those that have been buried beneath our feet.

A large wall map shows us the routes of the hidden waterways across the capital and there are so many! Some London street names give clues to their locations (Westbourne Grove, Effra Road, Fleet Street, etc) but this exhibition helps you understand these elusive tributaries.

This photograph from Andy Sewell’s series ‘The Heath’ depicts a man swimming in one of the swimming ponds on Hampstead Heath. Created by damming two streams, these ponds outflow into the subterranean River Fleet, which now forms part of London’s sewer network. Sewell has described this series of images as an attempt to explore the condition of ‘biophilia’ by which people are drawn to seek connections with nature. The Hampstead swimming ponds are one of the few places where Londoners can safely swim in a remnant of a lost river.

Not Just The Thames

The rivers, brooks and streams of London have had a huge impact on this city over the centuries. While we are all aware of The Thames, this exhibition also explores the Effra, Fleet, Neckinger, Lea, Tyburn, Walbrook, Wandle and Westbourne.

While the Thames has been vital to the international trade that made London such an important city, the exhibition looks at how we use our rivers from transport and sustenance to sewers and drains.

The Museum of London has 180 late Bronze Age blades. Around half of them have come from the Thames in west London.

All in the Detail

The exhibition teems with curious facts about London’s rivers. For example, the Walbrook, which was buried in the 15th century, flows beneath the Bank of England and was spotted during building works there in 1732 and 1803. The Oval Cricket Ground in Kennington is shaped around a curve of the Effra and its seating banks were built using soil excavated when the river was covered. And one that’s in plain sight but easily missed, the Westbourne flows through a pipe over Sloane Square underground station.

The one that shocked me was that before Britain was segregated from Continental Europe, The Thames was a tributary of the Rhine!

Roman bone dice. The Roman artefacts found in the Fleet have a very different profile to those from the Walbrook. This reflects the Fleet’s presence on the boundary of the city rather than at its heart. Objects were lost or discarded by those crossing the river or working alongside it.

The exhibition took less than a year to plan, even with newly-commissioned works, and is divided into 7 sections.

Secrets of The Thames

While The Thames certainly isn’t a secret river, it does hold some little known stories.

On display is a wonderful notebook by a mudlarker – someone who explores the foreshores for interesting finds. He writes about his discoveries and also paints pictures too. And there’s a middle Bronze Age crania (skull without the lower jaw bone) on display from 43 that were found in Mortlake.

This journal created by Johnny Mudlark is an illustrated record of his experience and observations whilst mudlarking along the Thames.

A permit is needed for mudlarking on the Thames foreshore but this is a great representation of the type of thing you might see: clay tobacco pipes, pieces of pottery, buckles, a domino, a thimble, a toy cannon and a coin.

Over 250 ancient human skeletal remains have been found along the Thames in London. The majority are prehistoric skulls.

Sacred Rivers

The Walbrook has long since been covered over but it was a major feature of Roman Londinium. It was valued for industry including metal working, milling, and water supply and it was also sacred.

Roman Plate Brooch. AD 50-150. Brooches were commonly worn by Romans and were frequently lost. However, so many complete brooches were found around the Walbrook it seems likely that some were offerings. This mythological sea-serpent may have seemed appropriate for an offering into water.

The Thames of Roman London was much wider than today and in places it divided into several channels with islands between them. The Romans believed that rivers were a means of direct communication with the gods; a boundary between the physical and spiritual words. Roman temples were built close to the water, often to make offerings to water gods.

2nd century AD curse tablet. Curse tablets were common during the Roman period and are often found in watery contexts. They are thought to have been a popular magic where the people named would be cursed by the deity connected with the place.

This Roman marble inscription looks like a film prop but it is from the late 2nd century. Excavated from Tabard Square, Southwark.

This cope (ceremonial cloak) was created as an artwork inspired by lost and discarded items in the Thames. Plastic objects collected from the Thames foreshore were used in screen-printing, lace-making and some were sewn on to decorate the orphery (border of the cope).

Biography of a River

Before it began to be buried in the late 18th century, the River Fleet would have been considered London’s second river. It flowed from Hampstead and Highgate to the Thames at Blackfriars Bridge.

This bone miniature fish was excavated from the banks of the River Fleet. It is around 400 or 500 years old. It dates from a time when the Fleet was still an open, freely flowing river used to supply water for nearby industries and households.

Efforts had been taken to clean the river. It was scoured out in 1598, 1606 and 1652 but industries along its banks continued to throw their waste into the water. Householders also threw their sewage into it so it was soon clogged with filth again. Medieval leather work was polluting water for brewing creating pollution for monks.

Just after the Norman Conquest in 1066, major building works took place and the northern island was reoccupied. This included the construction of the Fleet Prison which for centuries was used primarily for debtors. Prisoners had to buy food, beer and necessities such as tankards, spoons and dishes. This 15th – 18th century pewter tankard is inscribed with the prisoner’s name, ‘J. Hurst’ and ‘Fleet Cellar’. In the late 18th century the privilege of a cell in the Fleet Cellar cost J. Hurst 4-8 shillings a week.

The canal was not only dirty and dangerous, it was also unprofitable. And it was for this reason that it began to be covered over. In 1733 the section between Holborn Bridge and Fleet Bridge at Ludgate Circus was arched over to form Fleet Market (now part of Farringdon Street). The rest down to the Thames was covered in 1766, making this part of the river an official sewer. A used and abused river, other parts of the Fleet were progressively covered over until the whole river was incorporated into the London-wide combined sewer network where it still flows today.

During the late 15th – 17th centuries the Fleet Valley was a centre for metalworking. Seconds’ were found where the objects were miscast like the copper-alloy scabbard chape (metal tip). A huge number of knives have also been found in the Fleet, perhaps reflecting the fact that cutlers worked in this area.

The Fleet’s long history is told through previously unseen archaeological artefacts including rare surviving fragments of the 13th-century Blackfriars Monastery, dissolved by Henry VIII in 1528. The remains were used to line a local well, which was excavated 450 years later. Other exhibits show that the river was a source of food (a medieval fish trap) before filling up with rubbish, including bones from Smithfield market and the waste from the many industries and houses along its banks.

These glass fragments are a rare survival of the buildings of the Blackfriars monastery, built after 1275. The majority of the building material was taken and reused elsewhere. These fragments of window survived because they were reused to line a local well, where they remained until it was excavated 450 years later.

Animal bone was an easily-available raw material due to the proximity of the meat market at Smithfield. This shoulder-blade (scapula) was worked by button-makers before being discarded. Numerous other industries were also based along the Fleet such as tanneries, breweries, cloth-working, printing and the making of hones (stones for sharpening blades).

Toilet Seat

As well as the over life-size video wall of entering a sewer (you feel like you’re there without the smell, rats and ‘waste’), there is a very old toilet seat on display.

Can you imagine your own toilet seat on display in a museum 900 years from now? This 12th-century toilet seat has three holes so clearly going to the loo was a communal affair.

This toilet seat was found lying over a cesspit. It was located in a yard behind buildings that faced onto Fleet Street (modern day Ludgate Hill). These buildings were constructed on the infilled channel of the southern Fleet island. The tenement included commercial, residential buildings and stores as well as a yard planted with trees. Records from the 14th century show that the tenement was known as ‘Helle’ and was owned by John de Flete, a capper (cap-maker), who left it to his wife Cassandra.

While many people built their toilets over the Fleet so the river would wash everything away, this was banned in 1463.

The row of buildings was first built in the second half of the 12th century. They survived until the area was heavily damaged by bombs during the Second World War. They were some of the longest-surviving London buildings, remarkable given that this minor row of buildings was associated with neither royalty, governance or religion.

Visitors can sit on a recreation of the historic latrine for a popular photo opportunity.

As air drying this type of archaeological find can cause irreparable damage, the waterlogged toilet seat was impregnated with special waxes to take up some of the space previously occupied by water. It was then put in the Museum’s freeze dryer then into storage for 26 years.

Photo credit: Matt Crossick/PA Wire

You can also see these cat and dog skulls with a dog’s collar. The collar has the inscription: ‘Tom at Ye Greyhouse, Bucklersbury’. Bucklersbury is within the City of London near the route of the Walbrook. How did the collar end up in the River Fleet? The Fleet was infamous for being polluted with dead dogs. Alexander Pope wrote in 1728: ‘To where Fleet Ditch, with disemboguing streams, Rolls the large tribute of dead dogs to the Thames’.

Cat and dog skulls with a dog's collar (c) Museum of London

Pleasure and Poverty

Did you know, the Serpentine Lake in Hyde Park is an artificial lake? It was originally created along the course of the Westbourne by damming the stream and linking together a number of natural ponds. The work was overseen by the Royal Gardener Charles Bridgeman in the 1730s at the command of Queen Caroline.

Skating on the Serpentine 1786, Thomas Rowlandson.

Fields at Bayswater, looking towards Craven Hill, 1793. Watercolour by Paul Sandby.
This watercolour depicts a view of the Flora Tea Gardens with animals grazing by a stream. This is Bayard’s Watering Place, from which Bayswater gets its name, and the stream is the Westbourne which once flowed from Hampstead through Kilburn, Bayswater, Hyde Park (where it fed the Serpentine lake) and through Chelsea to the Thames. During the nineteenth century the river was driven underground as the area through which it flowed was built over and the waters became polluted with sewerage. It still flows through pipes as part of the Ranelagh Sewer, part of which bridges the platforms of Sloane Square tube station.

The canal forms the focal point of this coloured print depicting a masquerade at Ranelagh Gardens in Chelsea. A pavilion – the ‘Chinese House’ – has been built over the lake and wealthy visitors enjoy the spectacle in fancy dress. This ‘pond’ formed a particular ‘wonder’ at night when it reflected ‘thousands of gay lamps’ (Robert Bloomfield, A Visit to Ranelagh, 1802.)

The Chinese House, the Rotunda, & the Company in Masquerade in Ranelagh Gardens 1751.

The Chelsea Waterworks Company was established in 1723 to provide drinking water to the western districts of central London and drew water from the Thames supplemented by the Westbourne. This engraving shows a pump house at the left with a water tank and pipes made out of bored logs laid out before it.

A View of Chelsea Water Works, 1752 John Boydell.

Situated between the Thames, the outflow of the River Neckinger at St Saviour’s Dock and two tidal ditches, Jacob’s Island in Bermondsey was a notorious slum in the early nineteenth century.

People lived in a ‘rookery’ alongside tanneries, lead and flour mills, waterworks, stave merchants and corn merchants. These industries were highly polluting, not just of the water but the land as well.

This large and highly detailed watercolour by James Lawson Stewart (1887) depicts two rows of dilapidated buildings was wooden galleries overhanging a waterway filled with stagnant water. It recalls Folly Ditch, immortalised as the site of Bill Sykes’s drowning in Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist (1837-39). In the mid-nineteenth century, the poor residents had no source of clean water and many had to use water from the foul ditch into which they also discharged their waste. The water often ran red with pollution from the nearby leather tanning industry. Described in the Morning Chronicle as ‘the Venice of drains’, the area became a cholera hotspot in 1849.

Jacob’s Island, Rotherhithe, 1887. Watercolour by James Lawson Stewart.

This 19th-century ceramic mug was found among the domestic waste in Jacob’s Island and has the inscription ‘For a Good Girl’. It highlights the children living in these awful conditions. By the mid-19th century, the diseases and the squalor were a matter of public concern.

The bristles on this 18th – 19th century bone toothbrush are missing. Toothbrushes were relatively uncommon for the lower classes and sticks dipped in soot were often used for cleaning teeth. Where toothbrushes were owned, one would have been shared amongst the entire family. This toothbrush was found during an archaeological excavation of Jacob’s Island.

Daylighting

This was a new term to me. It means trying to uncover hidden rivers to bring them to the surface again. Sections of the Moselle, the Quaggy and the Wandle have all been ‘daylighted’ in recent years. Restoration is costly but provides wildlife habitats and sustainable flood protection as well as improving the quality of urban life by reintroducing green spaces.

A 1992 project to unearth the Effra was more of an art statement than a true consideration as 27 years later the river remains buried as a storm drain from Norwood to Vauxhall.

1992 poster from the South London Press.

I wish the Tyburn Angling Club well with their campaign to daylight the Tyburn through Mayfair but we know no-one is going to knock down that prime real estate.

The buildings coloured in red are those earmarked for demolition to make way for the restored Tyburn. It would mean destroying £1 billion worth of property including Buckingham Palace.

Renewal

Although the Wandle has largely remained an open river, small sections have been buried including the streams forming the eastern source at Croydon.

The Wandle rises in Croydon and once ran through the town past the Church of St John the Baptist where it was known as the Croydon Bourne. A report of 1848 found that the river was being used as an open sewer. As a result, clean water and sewer pipes were provided and the Wandle was covered over.

Exterior view of Croydon Church, Surrey, 1800-1848. The River Wandle flowing in the foreground. Watercolour by James Bourne.

Croydon Minster, 2018 by Museum of London Photographer John Chase.

These two photographs taken almost 20 years apart, show the same view of the River Wandle at Merton. This was the site of Merton Priory between 1117 and 1538.

River Wandle at Merton Abbey, Merton, 2000. Photograph by Mike Seaborne.

River Wandle near Merton Abbey. Photograph by Museum of London Photographer John Chase.

And these views are on the Olympic Park in east London.

DLR viaduct over Bow Creek in fog, with Pura Foods in the background. Photograph by Peter Marshall 1992.

Limmo Peninsula Ecological Park, 2018 by Museum of London Photographer Richard Stroud.

River Lea, West of the London Stadium, 2018. Photograph by Museum of London photographer Richard Stroud.

Old River Lea by the junction with Pudding Mill River looking south. Photograph by Mike Seaborne, 2006.

Tracing the River

This final section has contemporary artworks that use rivers as a source of inspiration.

The Wandle Alphabet is made up of objects found in the Wandle by illustrator Jane Porter during monthly river clean-ups with the Wandle Trust.

There is a large projection installation here but, I’ll admit, even after reading about it I don’t understand it. The scale, movement and speed is controlled by environmental data collection in real time by 38 monitoring stations along the River Lea. Data Flow (River Lea) will, therefore, change all the time.

You’ll need at least an hour to enjoy this free exhibition but it’s fascinating so you are likely to stay longer.

Contact Information

Exhibition Name: Secret Rivers

Dates: 24 May to 27 October 2019

Admission: Free

Address: Museum of London Docklands, West India Quay, No.1 Warehouse, Hertsmere Rd, London E14 4AL

About the Museum: Opened in 2003, this Grade I listed converted Georgian sugar warehouse specifically tells the story of the port, river and city – focusing on trade, migration and commerce in London. The museum is open daily 10am to 6pm and is free to all.

Official Website: www.museumoflondon.org.uk/museum-london-docklands/whats-on/exhibitions/secret-rivers

Special Events: There is a full programme of walks, talks, boat trips and family activities planned throughout the exhibition.